Features of Science in Psychology: Falsifiability and Paradigms
When 100 published psychology studies were repeated, 97% of the originals had reported significant results but only 36% of the repeats did. The featur…
Tag: hypothesis testing
Aims and Hypotheses in Psychology: Directional vs Non-Directional
In standard psychology papers, 96% of first hypotheses are supported. In Registered Reports, where the hypothesis is fixed before any data exist, only…
The Sign Test: Formula, Worked Example and Critical Values
In 1710, a royal physician counted London christening records for 82 straight years, found boys outnumbered girls every single year, and published wha…
Standard Error Explained: Formula, Meaning and SD vs SE
Standard error is mistakenly reported instead of standard deviation in up to 64% of published articles. Understanding the standard error formula, and exactly how it…
Statistical Significance: P-values, Errors & Effect Sizes Guide
Master statistical significance with our comprehensive guide to p-values, Type I/II errors, and effect sizes for evidence-based decisions.